Model
Brand     Intel
Processors Type     Desktop
Series     Core 2 Duo
Model     BX80557E4500
CPU Socket Type
CPU Socket Type     LGA 775
Tech Spec
Core     Allendale
Multi-Core     Dual-Core
Name     Core 2 Duo E4500
Operating Frequency     2.2GHz
FSB     800MHz
L2 Cache     2M shared
Manufacturing Tech     65 nm
64 bit Support     Yes
Hyper-Threading Support     No
Virtualization Technology Support     No
Multimedia Instruction     MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3,SSSE3, EM64T
Voltage     0.85V – 1.5V
Thermal Power     65W
Cooling Device     Heatsink and Fan included
Manufacturer Warranty
Parts     3 years limited
Labor     3 years limited

Intel Quad Core Q 6600 2.4 GHZ……..PRICE :    11425

Specification

Model Brand Intel Processors Type Desktop Series Core 2 Quad Model BX80562Q6600 CPU Socket Type CPU Socket Type LGA 775 Tech Spec Core Kentsfield Multi-Core Quad-Core Name Core 2 Quad Q6600 Operating Frequency 2.4GHz FSB 1066MHz L1 Cache 128KB+128KB L2 Cache 2 x 4MB Manufacturing Tech 65 nm 64 bit Support Yes Hyper-Threading Support No Virtualization Technology Support Yes Multimedia Instruction MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3,SSSE3, EM64T Voltage 0.85V – 1.5V Cooling Device Heatsink and Fan included Manufacturer Warranty Parts 3 years limited Labor 3 years limited
]]> http://webmedia2.wordpress.com/2008/04/17/intel-quad-core-q-6600-24-ghzprice-11425/feed/ 0 surya18priya http://webmedia2.wordpress.com/2008/04/16/need-for-speed-carbon-pc-cheat-codes/ http://webmedia2.wordpress.com/2008/04/16/need-for-speed-carbon-pc-cheat-codes/#comments Wed, 16 Apr 2008 14:34:38 +0000 surya18priya http://webmedia2.wordpress.com/?p=7 ]]> Need For Speed Carbon -PC.

Cheats and codes

Cheat Codes

The following cheats are available for Need For Speed Carbon on the PC.

Cheats for NFSC are entered at the main menu or the ‘click to continue’ screen.

Autozone Vinyl
Cheat code: inthezoneskin

Castrol Syntec Vinyl
Cheat code: syntecskin

Need For Speed Carbon Logo Vinyls
Cheat code: lotsoffreelogos

Need For Speed Carbon Special Logo Vinyls
Cheat code: lotsoffreevinyls

Pharrell Vinyl
Cheat code: pharrellvinylgogo

Castrol Cash
Cheat code: 5grand5grand

Chrome Cars
Cheat code: shinycarsarethebestcars

Cooper Tire Logo
Cheat code: cooperlogofreeforyou

Corvette Z06 Interceptor in Quick Race Mode
Cheat code: chasingmobile

Cross Corvette Z06 in Quick Race Mode
Cheat code: guesswhoisback

Rhino in Quick Race Mode
Cheat code: trashtalking

Fire Truck in Quick Race Mode
Cheat code: bigredfiredrive

Dump Truck in Quick Race Mode
Cheat code: watchoutthebigtruckishere

Unlimited Crew Charge
Cheat code: friendlyheadlocksapplied

Unlimited Nitrous
Cheat code: nosforeverever

Unlimited SpeedBreaker
Cheat code: slowitdownwhenyouwant

Mazda Speed3
Cheat code: speed3foryou

Mazda Dealership
Cheat code: chasingheadlocksappliedrashtalk

2005 Aston Martin DB9
Cheat code: givemethedb9

2006 Dodge Charger SRT8
Cheat code: givemethechargersrt8

All Tracks
Cheat code: canyonalltheway

Cheat/Effect – CODE

• Adrenaline Mode – MUNASEF
• Aggressive Drivers – YLTEICZ
• All Cars Have Nitro – SPEEDFREAK
• All Green Lights – ZEIIVG
• Always Midnight – NIGHTPROWLER
• Beach Party – CIKGCGX
• Black Traffic – IOWDLAC
• Blow Up All Cars – CPKTNWT
• Boats Fly – FLYINGFISH
• Cars Float Away When Hit – BUBBLECARS
• Cars Fly – RIPAZHA
• Chaos Mode – STATEOFEMERGENCY
• Clear Wanted Level – ASNAEB
• Elvis is Everywhere – BLUESUEDESHOES
• Everyone is armed – FOOOXFT
• Faster Clock – YSOHNUL
• Faster Gameplay – SPEEDITUP
• Fat – BTCDBCB
• Foggy Weather – CFVFGMJ
• Full Weapon Aiming – OUIQDMW
• Funhouse Theme – CRAZYTOWN
• Gang Members Everywhere – ONLYHOMIESALLOWED
• Gangs Control the Streets – BIFBUZZ
• Have a bounty on your head – BAGOWPG
• Have Jetpack – ROCKETMAN
• Have Parachute – AIYPWZQP
• Hitman In All Weapon Stats – PROFESSIONALKILLER
• Huge Bunny Hop – CJPHONEHOME
• Increase Wanted Level Two Stars – OSRBLHH
• Invisible Car – WHEELSONLYPLEASE
• Max All Vehicle Skill Stats – NATURALTALENT
• Max Muscle – BUFFMEUP
• Max Respect – WORSHIPME
• Max Sex Appeal – HELLOLADIES
• Mega Jump – KANGAROO
• Mega Punch – IAVENJQ
• Never Get Hungry – AEDUWNV
• Never Wanted – AEZAKMI
• Ninja Theme – NINJATOWN
• Orange Sky – OFVIAC
• Overcast Weather – ALNSFMZO
• Peds Attack Each Other, Get Golf Club – AJLOJYQY
• Peds Attack You With Weapons, Rocket Launcher – BGLUAWML
• Perfect Handling – STICKLIKEGLUE
• Pink traffic – LLQPFBN
• Rainy Weather – AUIFRVQS
• Recruit Anyone (9mm) – SJMAHPE
• Recruit Anyone (Rockets) – ROCKETMAYHEM
• Reduced Traffic – GHOSTTOWN
• Riot Mode – IOJUFZN
• Sandstorm – CWJXUOC
• Six Star Wanted Level – BRINGITON
• Skinny – KVGYZQK
• Slower Gameplay – SLOWITDOWN
• Smash n’ Boom – JCNRUAD
• Spawn Bloodring – Banger CQZIJMB
• Spawn Caddy – RZHSUEW
• Spawn Dozer – ITSALLBULL
• Spawn Hunter – OHDUDE
• Spawn Hydra – JUMPJET
• Spawn Monster – MONSTERMASH
• Spawn Quad – AKJJYGLC
• Spawn Quad – FOURWHEELFUN
• Spawn Racecar – PDNEJOH
• Spawn Racecar – VPJTQWV
• Spawn Racecar – VROCKPOKEY
• Spawn Rancher – JQNTDMH
• Spawn Rhino – AIWPRTON
• Spawn Romero – WHERESTHEFUNERAL
• Spawn Stretch – CELEBRITYSTATUS
• Spawn Stunt Plane – FLYINGTOSTUNT
• Spawn Tanker Truck – AMOMHRER
• Spawn Trashmaster – TRUEGRIME
• Spawn Vortex Hovercraft – KGGGDKP
• Slut Magnet – BEKKNQV
• Suicide – GOODBYECRUELWORLD
• Sunny Weather – PLEASANTLYWARM
• Taxis Have Nitrous, L3 Bunny Hop – VKYPQCF
• Thunderstorm – SCOTTISHSUMMER
• Traffic is Cheap Cars – EVERYONEISPOOR
• Traffic is Country Vehicles – FVTMNBZ
• Traffic is Fast Cars – EVERYONEISRICH
• Unlimited Ammo, No Reload – FULLCLIP
• Unlimited Health – BAGUVIX
• Unlimited Oxygen – CVWKXAM
• Very Sunny Weather – TOODAMNHOT
• Weapons, Thug’s Tools – LXGIWYL
• Weapons, Professional Tools – PROFESSIONALSKIT
• Weapons, Nutter Tools – UZUMYMW

Grand Theft Auto San Andreas Cheat Codes

Submitted by: conner54
Health cheat:
————-
1. This requires a saved game to work, so either start a new game and reach a save
point or use an old save.

2. Backup the files: gamestat.ini and game#.ini (where # is the number of the saved
game from 0-9) from the \Spider-Man 2\System directory (eg: game0.ini)

3. Edit both files with notepad.exe (or equivalent)

4a.For \Spider-Man 2\Systemgamestat.ini change the line:

MaxHealth=100 // 200 is upgraded value

to

MaxHealth=1000 // 2000 is upgraded value

Now save the file.

4b. For \Spider-Man 2\Systemgame#.ini change the value:

Health=100MaxHealth=100

to

Health=1000 MaxHealth=1000

This will give you 1000 hit points 10x the standard.
Use higher values if necessary, you can edit your current health
at any time by reaching a save point and changing the line Health=###
in the game#.ini to it’s max value again.
Thankfully, this doesn’t effect enemy forces.

Cheat:
——
Submitted by: spidy

type these codes in the main menu.
1)valgium – 1000 life
2)tokesta – 1000 webs
3)estrotr  – twice jump
4)putfull  – in visible

Spider-Man2-The game – Level select:
————————————-
Submitted by: Bangalore Shrihara

This needs editing game*.ini file.Go to
X:\….\Spider-Man 2\System folder & search for the

file game*.ini(‘*’ indicates number 0-8).Open the file
& do the following changes.

level 1: Rhino’s Rampage
————————
Map=CB3_CityStreet.whr
CurrentLevel=1
LevelComplete0=1
(If u want save as game0.ini).

level 2:8-Armed Robbery
———————–
Map=WallStreet_Bank.whr
CurrentLevel=2
LevelComplete0=1
LevelComplete1=1 (default LevelComplete0=o make 1)
(default will be :LevelComplete1=o
LevelComplete1=0 make it has 1)
(If u want save as game1.ini).

Level 3: Puma Pounces
———————
Map=ParkAve_CityStreet.whr
CurrentLevel=3
LevelComplete0=1
LevelComplete1=1
LevelComplete2=1
(If u want save as game2.ini).

Level 4: OsCorp Assault
————————
Map=WallStreet_OsCorpLab.whr
CurrentLevel=4
LevelComplete0=1
LevelComplete1=1
LevelComplete2=1
LevelComplete3=1

(If u want save as game3.ini).

Level 5:Mission: Mysterio’s Calamity
————————————
Map=TwistedCity_Part01.whr
CurrentLevel=5
LevelComplete0=1
LevelComplete1=1
LevelComplete2=1
LevelComplete3=1
LevelComplete4=1
(If u want save as game4.ini).

Level 6:Subway Peril
———————
Map=Wharf_Train.whr
CurrentLevel=6

LevelComplete0=1
LevelComplete1=1
LevelComplete2=1
LevelComplete3=1
LevelComplete4=1
LevelComplete5=1
CurrentLevel=6
(If u want save as game5.ini).

Level 7: Final Battle
———————
Map=Wharf_Warehouse.whr
CurrentLevel=7
LevelComplete0=1
LevelComplete1=1
LevelComplete2=1
LevelComplete3=1
LevelComplete4=1
LevelComplete5=1
LevelComplete6=1
(If u want save as game6.ini).

Level 8: Free Play
——————-
Map=WallStreet_CityStreet.whr
CurrentLevel=8
LevelComplete0=1
LevelComplete1=1
LevelComplete2=1
LevelComplete3=1
LevelComplete4=1
LevelComplete5=1
LevelComplete6=1
LevelComplete7=1
(If u want save as game7.ini).

Cheat:
——
Submitted by: submitted by adeel

type these cheats in middle of game
iwontlikecriminels – enemies died

Cheat:
——
Submitted by: kareem.nabil@alsaber.com

flashspidermotor = complete all levels

An easly way to defeat Doc Octopus:
———————————–
Submitted by: Thiago Monteiro de Paula

I’ve found a easly way to defeat Doc Octopus in the train that is
treated at the chapter no 6.9.4 of the Spider-Man 2 Walkthrough in
the CheatBook Database 2005. It is very simple and consist only in
get between a vagon and another nearly Doc Octopus. As many times
he shot at you he never will catch you! And when your Spidey sense
tingles you jump and get between another vagon nearly Doc Octopus.
In the final of the process you will get out of the train with 100%
of your life!!!

Cheat:
——
Submitted by: Christopher.Bellarmine

If you are tired of playing the demo of spider-man2,and you want the
full vesion,TYPE SPIDEY WHILE YOUR PLAYING.

Cheatmode:
———-
Submitted by: yoosi

In Specials, enter:(for pc)
Enemies Have Big Heads      Code: JOELSPEANUTS
Play as Mary Jane           Code: GIRLNEXTDOOR
Play as The Shocker         Code: HERMANSCHULTZ
Play as a Scientist         Code: SERUM
Play as a Police Officer    Code: REALHERO
Play as Captain Stacey      Code: CAPTAINSTACEY
Play as Thug Model 1        Code: KNUCKLES
Play as Thug Model 2        Code: STICKYRICE
Play as Thug Model 3        Code: THUGRUS
All Fighting Controls       Code: KOALA
First Person View           Code: UNDERTHEMASK
Infinite Webbing            Code: ORGANICWEBBING
Big Head and Feet           Code: GOESTOYOURHEAD
Small Spider-Man            Code: SPIDERBYTE
Matrix-Style Attacks        Code: DODGETHIS
Super Coolant               Code: CHILLOUT
Goblin-Style Costume        Code: FREAKOUT
Regular Levels,FMVs,Gallery Code: ARACHNID
Level Skip                  Code: ROMITAS
Level Select                Code: IMIARMAS
Bonus Training Levels       Code: HEADEXPLODY

Cheatmode2:
———–
Update by: Goshik

Update by: BGAdventurer
E-mail: bgadventurer@yahoo.com

Submitted by: kevin fisher
E-mail: kvnfish@cs.com

Go to SPECIAL / CHEATS and enter the codes from
the list.

Result                     Code
——————————-
master code              – eel nats
level select             – xclsior
invincibility            – rustcrst
full health              – dcstur
unlimited webbing        – strudl
all comic books          – allsixcc
all gallery characters   – cviewen
symbiote spidey costume  – blkspider
spidey 2099 costume      – twntyndn
Toon Spidey              – FUNKYTWN
Stick Spidey             – STICKMAN
Ben Reilly Costume       – CLUBNOIR
invulnerable             – ADMNTIUM
What If Contest          – UATUSEES
Character Viewer         – RGSGLLRY
Movie Viewer             – CINEMA
Comic Collection         – FANBOY
Level Select             – MME WEB
Game Comic Covers        – KIRBYFAN
Storyboard Viewer        – ROBRTSON
Quick Change Costume     – SM LVIII
Peter Parker Costume     – MRWATSON
Amazing Bag Man Costume  – KICK ME
Scarlet Spider Costume   – XILRTRNS
Spidey Unlimited Costume – SYNOPTIC
Captain Universe Costume – TRISNTNL
spidey 2099 costume      – MIGUELOH
symbiote spidey costume  – SECRTWAR
James Jewett             – RULUR
pulsating head           – EGOTRIP
unlimited webbing        – GLANDS
everything               – LEANEST
full health              – WEAKNESS
All                      – LEANEST

Easy enemy kills:
—————–
Thug: If you have enough web fluid, just web trap him until he
is down and he will disappear. You can also just web yank them
into a wall, impact web them off a building, or grapple them
and punch them until they are gone.
Bank Thug: Same strategy as for Thug.
Police and Swat: Do not bother fighting them, just keep moving.
Police Helicopter: When you see the target, move. The easiest
way to get out of the way is to jump towards the nearest
building and web swing over. You cannot destroy the helicopters.
Lizard Men: Strategies vary, depending on where you are. If
facing multiple men in a tunnel, web yank one to you and finish
him off with your fist one at a time. If one is near water, web
yank or impact web him into it. If one is on a pipe above a pit,
impact web him or yank him in.
Symbiotes: First, destroy the generators. If alone (without fire
webbing) jump and hit punch or kick to hit him from above, then
hit with a 1, 2, 3 combo and repeat. If near a furnace, knock him
into it to set him on fire. If you have fire webbing, impact web
him or web trap him until he catches fire. When in the warehouse,
pick up a can or box that is labeled flammable and throw it at
them. If you are low on energy and on the subway or fighting a
large group of symbiotes, constantly create web-domes until they
are all gone, or the sub stops.
Any enemy can be grabbed and punched or kicked except the Bosses.
Often the grab maneuver followed by a punch or kick will do the
job. Most often the punch is more effective because you can perform
it as many times as needed to successfully kill the enemy. Note:
This tactic does not work as well on the pink Symbiotes. They can
sometimes throw you over their back.
Unlock the enhanced strength costumes, then use the web gloves to
kill enemies easier: thugs (1), henchmen (1 or 2), lizardmen
(1 or 3), and symbiotes (3)

Level 5.3: Hidden room:
———————–
In level 5.3 (the level before Mysterio, downstairs in the Daily
Bugle), you have to destroy two Symbiote generators and then find
the imposter Spider-Man-Mysterio. After finding the first generator
and destroying it, find the second one. The wall behind the second
generator is holographic. It does not appear so, but when you try
to climb it, you will go right through. Two web cartridges and one
flame cartridge are inside.

Stop The Presses level: What If mode flattened Spider-Man:
———————————————————-
If Spider-Man falls into the printing press, a flattened Spidey in
his red and blue suit will be stuck to the paper (no matter which
suit you use).

Waterfront Warehouse level: What If mode hidden armor:
——————————————————
Go to the waterfront warehouse in “What If” mode. When you start,
there will be a stack of boxes next to you with one of the
generators on it. Go past this stack to find a box that appears
different from the rest. You can take off the cover of the box
just by doing the same action to lift objects. Inside the box is
Spidey armor and “The Ark Of The Covenant”.

Waterfront Warehouse level: What if mode No-Prize envelope:
———————————————————–
When you first enter the Waterfront Warehouse level, go to the
left and jump up on the boxes. The boxes on top will have the
Marvel Comics “No-Prize” envelope wording on them.

Make Spider-Man sleep:
———————-
Start the game in “What If” mode and do not do anything.
Spider-Man will eventually will shoot a web straight up,
cling on it, and start sleeping. Note: This only happens in
indoor levels, or in levels with a ceiling.

What If mode:
————-
What If mode adds small variances in the game, for example
The Torch will be on the FF building. You will know that it
is definitely unlocked, if you see the Watcher just after the
second FMV sequence (featuring the helicopters). He will have
new dialogue.

Tony Hawk appearance:
———————
After you defeat Scorpion, he will knock over a desk with a
television. As it falls you can see Tony Hawk skate boarding
on the monitor.

Hint:
—–
Submitted by: DHARMIL

THIS CHEAT WILL WORK ONLY IN FULL VERSION OF IT.FIRST GO TO SPECIAL
THEN THERE IS A OPTION IN IT CALLED CHEATS.GO THERE & TYPE “LEANEST”.
IT WILL UN LOCK EVERYTHING.U CAN GO TO ANY STAGE SEE ANYCOSTUMES,etc.

Hint:
—–
Submitted by: Deeptak Mazumder

levels:(all)
cheat:invincibility
Go to SPECIAL / CHEATS and enter the code SYNOPTIC for Spidey Unlimited
Costume .now go to special/costumes.select Spidey Unlimited Costume then
press escape to go to the main menu and start the game .while you’r playing
the game press aim and punch together to toggle invincibility .
note:invincibility won’t work against helecopter (police) & bosses.

Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability for readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (artlog), photographs (photoblog), sketchblog, videos (vlog), music (MP3 blog), audio (podcasting) are part of a wider network of social media. Micro-blogging is another type of blogging which consists of blogs with very short posts. As of December 2007, blog search engine Technorati was tracking more than 112 million blogs.

Types

There are many different types of blogs, differing not only in the type of content, but also in the way that content is delivered or written.

Personal blogs
The personal blog, an on-going diary or commentary by an individual, is the traditional, most common blog. Personal bloggers usually take pride in their blog posts, even if their blog is never read by anyone but them. Blogs often become more than a way to just communicate; they become a way to reflect on life or works of art. Blogging can have a sentimental quality. Few personal blogs rise to fame and the mainstream, but some personal blogs quickly garner an extensive following.

Corporate blogs
A blog can be private, as in most cases, or it can be for business purposes. Blogs, either used internally to enhance the communication and culture in a corporation or externally for marketing, branding or PR purposes are called corporate blogs.

By media type
A blog comprising videos is called a vlog, one comprising links is called a linklog, a site containing a portfolio of sketches is called a sketchblog or one comprising photos is called a photoblog.[2] Blogs with shorter posts and mixed media types are called tumblelogs.

An Artlog is a form of art sharing and publishing in the format of a blog, but differentiated by the predominant use of and focus on Art work rather than text.

A rare type of blog hosted on the Gopher Protocol is known as a Phlog

By device
Blogs can also be defined by which type of device is used to compose it. A blog written by a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA could be called a moblog.[3] One early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person’s personal life combining text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a web site. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as sousveillance. Such journals have been used as evidence in legal matters.

By genre
Some blogs focus on a particular subject, such as political blogs, travel blogs, fashion blogs, project blogs, education blogs, niche blogs, classical music blogs, legal blogs (often referred to as a blawgs) or dreamlogs. While not a legitimate type of blog, one used for the sole purpose of spamming is known as a Splog.

Cataloging and community

Blog search engines
Several blog search engines are used to search blog contents (also known as the blogosphere), such as Bloglines, BlogScope, and Technorati. Technorati, which is among the most popular blog search engines, provides current information on both popular searches and tags used to categorize blog postings. Research community is working on going beyond simple keyword search, by inventing news ways to navigate through huge amounts of information present in the blogosphere, as demonstrated by projects like BlogScope.

Blogging Communities and Directories
Several online communities exist that connect people to blogs and bloggers to other bloggers, including BlogCatalog and MyBlogLog. A collection of local blogs is sometimes referred to as a Bloghood.

Popularity

Recently, researchers have analyzed the dynamics of how blogs become popular. There are essentially two measures of this: popularity through citations, as well as popularity through affiliation (i.e. blogroll). The basic conclusion from studies of the structure of blogs is that while it takes time for a blog to become popular through blogrolls, permalinks can boost popularity more quickly, and are perhaps more indicative of popularity and authority than blogrolls, since they denote that people are actually reading the blog’s content and deem it valuable or noteworthy in specific cases.[4]

The blogdex project was launched by researchers in the MIT Media Lab to crawl the Web and gather data from thousands of blogs in order to investigate their social properties. It gathered this information for over 4 years, and autonomously tracked the most contagious information spreading in the blog community, ranking it by recency and popularity. It can thus be considered the first instantiation of a memetracker. The project is no longer active, but a similar function is now served by tailrank.com.

Blogs are given rankings by Technorati based on the number of incoming links and Alexa Internet based on the web hits of Alexa Toolbar users. In August 2006, Technorati found that the most linked-to blog on the internet was that of Chinese actress Xu Jinglei.[5] Chinese media Xinhua reported that this blog received more than 50 million page views, claiming it to be the most popular blog in the world.[6] Technorati rated Boing Boing to be the most-read group-written blog.[5]

Gartner forecasts that blogging will peak in 2007, leveling off when the number of writers who maintain a personal website reaches 100 million. Gartner analysts expect that the novelty value of the medium will wear off as most people who are interested in the phenomenon have checked it out, and new bloggers will offset the number of writers who abandon their creation out of boredom. The firm estimates that there are more than 200 million former bloggers who have ceased posting to their online diaries, creating an exponential rise in the amount of “dotsam” and “netsam” — that is to say, unwanted objects on the Web.

Blurring with the mass media

Many bloggers, particularly those engaged in participatory journalism, differentiate themselves from the mainstream media, while others are members of that media working through a different channel. Some institutions see blogging as a means of “getting around the filter” and pushing messages directly to the public. Some critics worry that bloggers respect neither copyright nor the role of the mass media in presenting society with credible news. Bloggers and other contributors to user generated content are behind Time magazine naming their 2006 person of the year as “you”.

Many mainstream journalists, meanwhile, write their own blogs — well over 300, according to CyberJournalist.net’s J-blog list. The first known use of a weblog on a news site was in August 1998, when Jonathan Dube of The Charlotte Observer published one chronicling Hurricane Bonnie.[7]

Some bloggers have moved over to other media. The following bloggers (and others) have appeared on radio and television: Duncan Black (known widely by his pseudonym, Atrios), Glenn Reynolds (Instapundit), Markos Moulitsas Zúniga (Daily Kos), Alex Steffen (Worldchanging) and Ana Marie Cox (Wonkette). In counter-point, Hugh Hewitt exemplifies a mass media personality who has moved in the other direction, adding to his reach in “old media” by being an influential blogger.

Blogs have also had an influence on minority languages, bringing together scattered speakers and learners; this is particularly so with blogs in Gaelic languages, whose creators can be found as far away from traditional Gaelic areas as Kazakhstan[8] and Alaska[9]. Minority language publishing (which may lack economic feasibility) can find its audience through inexpensive blogging.

There are many examples of bloggers who have published books based on their blogs, e.g., Salam Pax, Ellen Simonetti, Jessica Cutler, ScrappleFace. Blog-based books have been given the name blook. A prize for the best blog-based book was initiated in 2005, [10] the Lulu Blooker Prize.[11] However success has been elusive offline, with many of these books not selling as well as their blogs. Only blogger Tucker Max cracked the New York Times Bestseller List.

Blogging consequences

The emergence of blogging has brought a range of legal liabilities and other often unforeseen consequences. One area of concern is the issue of bloggers releasing proprietary or confidential information. Another area of concern is blogging and defamation. A third area of concern is employees who write about aspects of their place of employment or their personal lives, and then face loss of employment or other adverse consequences. A number of examples of blogging and its sometimes negative or unforeseen consequences are cited here.

Defamation or liability

Several cases have been brought before the national courts against bloggers concerning issues of defamation or liability. The courts have returned with mixed verdicts. Internet Service Providers (ISPs), in general, are immune from liability for information that originates with Third Parties (U.S. Communications Decency Act and the EU Directive 2000/31/EC).

In John Doe v. Patrick Cahill, the Delaware Supreme Court held that stringent standards had to be met to unmask anonymous bloggers, and also took the unusual step of dismissing the libel case itself (as unfounded under American libel law) rather than referring it back to the trial court for reconsideration. In a bizarre twist, the Cahills were able to obtain the identity of John Doe, who turned out to be the person they suspected: the town’s mayor, Councilman Cahill’s political rival. The Cahills amended their original complaint, and the mayor settled the case rather than going to trial.[13]

In 2004, eight Royal Dutch Shell Group companies collectively obtained an “Interim Injunction and Restraining Order” in Malaysia against a Shell whistleblower and former employee, Dr John Huong, a Malaysian geologist. Dr Huong had allegedly posted defamatory material on a weblog hosted in North America, royaldutchshellplc.com. The weblog site was owned and operated by British national and long-term Shell critic, Alfred Donovan. Additional legal actions were initiated against Dr Huong in 2006 in response to publications on Donovan’s weblog sites in 2005 and 2006. Those actions included a “Notice to Show Cause” relating to a “contempt of court,” which was potentially punishable by imprisonment.[citation needed]

In January 2007, two prominent Malaysian political bloggers, Jeff Ooi and Ahiruddin Attan were sued by pro-government newspaper, The New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad, Kalimullah bin Masheerul Hassan, Hishamuddin bin Aun and Brenden John a/l John Pereira over an alleged defamation. The plaintiff was supported by the Malaysian government. [14] Following the suit, the Malaysian government proposed to “register” all bloggers in Malaysia in order to better control parties against their interest. [15] This is the first such legal case against bloggers in the country.

In Britain, a college lecturer contributed to a blog in which she referred to a politician (who had also expressed his views in the same blog) using various uncomplimentary names, including referring to him as a “Nazi”. The politician found out the real name of the lecturer (she wrote under a pseudonym) via the ISP and successfully sued her for £10,000 in damages and £7,200 costs.[16]

In the United States blogger Aaron Wall was sued by Traffic Power for defamation and publication of trade secrets in 2005.[17] According to Wired Magazine, Traffic Power had been “banned from Google for allegedly rigging search engine results.”[18] Wall and other “white hat” search engine optimization consultants had exposed Traffic Power in what they claim was an effort to protect the public. The case was watched by many bloggers because it addressed the murky legal question of who’s liable for comments posted on blogs.[19]

Employment

In general, attempts at hiding the blogger’s name and/or the place of employment in anonymity have proved ineffective at protecting the blogger.[20] Employees who blog about elements of their place of employment raise the issue of employee branding, since their activities can begin to affect the brand recognition of their employer.
In fall 2004, Ellen Simonetti was fired for what was deemed by her employer to be inappropriate material on her blog. She subsequently wrote a book based on her blog.
In fall 2004, Ellen Simonetti was fired for what was deemed by her employer to be inappropriate material on her blog. She subsequently wrote a book based on her blog.

Ellen Simonetti, a Delta Air Lines flight attendant, was fired by the airline for photos of herself in uniform on an airplane and comments posted on her blog “Queen of Sky: Diary of a Flight Attendant” which her employer deemed inappropriate.[21][22] This case highlighted the issue of personal blogging and freedom of expression vs. employer rights and responsibilities, and so it received wide media attention. Simonetti took legal action against the airline for “wrongful termination, defamation of character and lost future wages”.[23] The suit is postponed while Delta is in bankruptcy proceedings (court docket).

In the spring of 2006, Erik Ringmar, a tenured senior lecturer at the London School of Economics was ordered by the convenor of his department to “take down and destroy” his blog in which he discussed the quality of education at the school.[24].

Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks, was recently fined during the 2006 NBA playoffs for criticizing NBA officials on the court and in his blog.[25]

Mark Jen was terminated in 2005 after a mere 10 days of employment at Google for discussing corporate secrets on his personal blog.[26]

In India, blogger Gaurav Sabnis resigned from IBM after his posts exposing the false claims of a management school, IIPM, led to management of IIPM threatening to burn their IBM laptops as a sign of protest against him.[27]

Jessica Cutler, aka “The Washingtonienne”, blogged about her sex life while employed as a congressional assistant. After the blog was discovered and she was fired,[28] she wrote a novel based on her experiences and blog: The Washingtonienne: A Novel. Cutler is presently being sued by one of her former lovers in a case that could establish the extent to which bloggers are obligated to protect the privacy of their real life associates.[29]

Catherine Sanderson, aka Petite Anglaise, lost her job in Paris at a British accountancy firm as a consequence of blogging.[30] Although given in the blog in a fairly anonymous manner, some of the descriptions of the firm and some of its people were less than flattering. Sanderson later won a compensation claim case against the British firm, however.[31]

On the other hand, Penelope Trunk, writing in the Globe in 2006, was one of the first to point out that a large portion of bloggers are professionals, and a well written blog can actually help attract employers.

Political dangers

Blogging can sometimes have unforeseen consequences in politically sensitive areas. Blogs are much harder to control than broadcast or even print media. As a result totalitarian and authoritarian regimes often seek to suppress blogs, or to punish those who maintain them.

In Singapore, two ethnic Chinese were imprisoned under the country’s anti-sedition law for posting anti-Muslim remarks in their weblogs.[32]

Egyptian blogger Kareem Amer was charged with insulting the Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak and an Islamic institution through his online blog. It is the first time in the history of Egypt that a blogger was prosecuted. After a brief trial session that took place in Alexandria, the blogger was found guilty and sentenced to prison terms of three years for insulting Islam and inciting sedition, and one year for insulting Mubarak.[33]

Egyptian blogger Abdel Monem Mahmoud was arrested in April 2007 for anti-government writings in his blog. Monem is a member of the banned Muslim Brotherhood.

After expressing opinions in his personal weblog about the state of the Sudanese armed forces, Jan Pronk, United Nations Special Representative for the Sudan, was given three days notice to leave Sudan. The Sudanese army had demanded his deportation.[34][35][36]

Personal safety

One unfortunate consequence of blogging is the possibility of attacks or threats against the blogger, sometimes without apparent reason. Kathy Sierra, author of the innocuous blog Creating Passionate Users, was the target of such vicious threats and misogynistic insults that she canceled her keynote speech at a technology conference in San Diego, fearing for her safety. [37] While a blogger’s anonymity is often tenuous, internet trolls who would attack a blogger with threats or insults can be emboldened by anonymity. Sierra and supporters initiated an online discussion aimed at countering abusive online behavior,[38] and developed a blogger’s code of conduct.

History

The term “weblog” was coined by Jorn Barger[39] on 17 December 1997. The short form, “blog,” was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in April or May of 1999.[40][41][42] This was quickly adopted as both a noun and verb (“to blog,” meaning “to edit one’s weblog or to post to one’s weblog”).

Origins

Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms, including Usenet, commercial online services such as GEnie, BiX and the early CompuServe, e-mail lists[43] and Bulletin Board Systems (BBS). In the 1990s, Internet forum software, such as WebEx, created running conversations with “threads”. Threads are topical connections between messages on a metaphorical “corkboard”.

The modern blog evolved from the online diary, where people would keep a running account of their personal lives. Most such writers called themselves diarists, journalists, or journalers. Justin Hall, who began eleven years of personal blogging in 1994 while a student at Swarthmore College, is generally recognized as one of the earliest bloggers,[44] as is Jerry Pournelle.[citation needed] Dave Winer’s Scripting News is also credited with being one of the oldest and longest running weblogs[45] [46].

Early weblogs were simply manually updated components of common websites. However, the evolution of tools to facilitate the production and maintenance of web articles posted in reverse chronological order made the publishing process feasible to a much larger, less technical, population. Ultimately, this resulted in the distinct class of online publishing that produces blogs we recognize today. For instance, the use of some sort of browser-based software is now a typical aspect of “blogging”. Blogs can be hosted by dedicated blog hosting services, or they can be run using blog software, such as WordPress, Movable Type, Blogger or LiveJournal, or on regular web hosting services.

Rise in popularity

After a slow start, blogging rapidly gained in popularity. Blog usage spread during 1999 and the years following, being further popularized by the near-simultaneous arrival of the first hosted blog tools:

* Open Diary launched in October 1998, soon growing to thousands of online diaries. Open Diary innovated the reader comment, becoming the first blog community where readers could add comments to other writers’ blog entries.
* Brad Fitzpatrick, a well known blogger started LiveJournal in March 1999.
* Andrew Smales created Pitas.com in July 1999 as an easier alternative to maintaining a “news page” on a website, followed by Diaryland in September 1999, focusing more on a personal diary community.[47]
* Evan Williams and Meg Hourihan (Pyra Labs) launched blogger.com in August 1999 (purchased by Google in February 2003)

Blogging becomes a political force

Since 2002, blogs have gained increasing notice and coverage for their role in breaking, shaping, and spinning news stories. The Iraq war saw bloggers taking measured and passionate points of view that go beyond the traditional left-right divide of the political spectrum.

As an example of the rise of importance of blogs, in 2002 many blogs focused on comments by U.S. Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott. Senator Lott, at a party honoring U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond, praised Senator Thurmond by suggesting that the United States would have been better off had Thurmond been elected president. Lott’s critics saw these comments as a tacit approval of racial segregation, a policy advocated by Thurmond’s 1948 presidential campaign. This view was reinforced by documents and recorded interviews dug up by bloggers. (See Josh Marshall’s Talking Points Memo.) Though Lott’s comments were made at a public event attended by the media, no major media organizations reported on his controversial comments until after blogs broke the story. Blogging helped to create a political crisis that forced Lott to step down as majority leader.

Similarly, blogs were among the driving forces behind the “Rathergate” scandal, to wit: (television journalist) Dan Rather presented documents (on the CBS show 60 Minutes) that conflicted with accepted accounts of President Bush’s military service record. Bloggers declared the documents to be forgeries and presented evidence and arguments in support of that view, and CBS apologized for what it said were inadequate reporting techniques (see Little Green Footballs). Many bloggers view this scandal as the advent of blogs’ acceptance by the mass media, both as a news source and opinion and as means of applying political pressure.

The impact of these stories gave greater credibility to blogs as a medium of news dissemination. Though often seen as partisan gossips, bloggers sometimes lead the way in bringing key information to public light, with mainstream media having to follow their lead. More often, however, news blogs tend to react to material already published by the mainstream media. Meanwhile, an increasing number of experts blogged, making blogs a source of in-depth analysis. (See Daniel Drezner and J. Bradford DeLong.)

Blogging becomes mainstream

By 2004, the role of blogs became increasingly mainstream, as political consultants, news services and candidates began using them as tools for outreach and opinion forming. Blogging was established by politicians and political candidates to express opinions on war and other issues and cemented blogs’ role as a news source. (See Howard Dean and Wesley Clark.) Even politicians not actively campaigning, such as the UK’s Labour Party’s MP Tom Watson, began to blog to bond with constituents.

In January 2005, Fortune magazine listed eight bloggers that business people “could not ignore”: Peter Rojas, Xeni Jardin, Ben Trott, Mena Trott, Jonathan Schwartz, Jason Goldman, Robert Scoble, and Jason Calacanis.